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Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.[ane] The upshot is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a dissimilar writing system.
This display may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can also involve multiple consecutive symbols, every bit viewed in one encoding, when the same binary lawmaking constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-bit encodings vs European eight-flake encodings), or the utilize of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-16).
Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different outcome that is not to exist confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code indicate displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the result of correct error handling by the software.
Etymology [edit]
Mojibake means "graphic symbol transformation" in Japanese. The word is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "character" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".
Causes [edit]
To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence betwixt the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of not-compliance between these, it can be accomplished by manipulating the data itself, or simply relabeling it.
Mojibake is frequently seen with text data that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may not fifty-fifty be tagged at all, but moved between computers with dissimilar default encodings. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.
The differing default settings between computers are in office due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating organization families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of human languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004,[2] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses 8-chip code pages for text files in different languages.[ dubious ]
For some writing systems, an example being Japanese, several encodings accept historically been employed, causing users to come across mojibake relatively often. Every bit a Japanese example, the discussion mojibake "文字化け" stored every bit EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The aforementioned text stored every bit UTF-viii is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted every bit Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-8 text appears every bit "æ–‡å—化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-one encodings, unremarkably labelled Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as beingness in a GBK (China) locale.
| Original text | 文 | 字 | 化 | け | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding | CA | B8 | BB | FA | B2 | BD | A4 | B1 |
| Bytes interpreted equally Shift-JIS encoding | ﾊ | ｸ | ｻ | 郾 | ｽ | ､ | ｱ | |
| Bytes interpreted as ISO-8859-i encoding | Ê | ¸ | » | ú | ² | ½ | ¤ | ± |
| Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding | 矢 | 机 | 步 | け | ||||
Underspecification [edit]
If the encoding is not specified, it is upwards to the software to decide information technology by other means. Depending on the blazon of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in not-and then-uncommon scenarios.
The encoding of text files is affected past locale setting, which depends on the user'southward linguistic communication, make of operating arrangement and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come up from a computer with a different setting, or fifty-fifty from a differently localized software inside the aforementioned system. For Unicode, one solution is to use a byte order mark, but for source lawmaking and other auto readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Some other is storing the encoding as metadata in the file system. File systems that support extended file attributes tin can store this equally user.charset.[iii] This likewise requires support in software that wants to take advantage of information technology, but does not disturb other software.
While a few encodings are easy to detect, in particular UTF-8, there are many that are difficult to distinguish (run across charset detection). A web browser may not be able to distinguish a folio coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; come across character encodings in HTML.
Mis-specification [edit]
Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This oftentimes happens between encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-i that were in reality Windows-1252.[4] The Mac Os version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the near often seen beingness curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were non displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this particularly afflicted software running under other operating systems such as Unix.
Man ignorance [edit]
Of the encodings still in apply, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII as the predominant common subset. This sets the stage for human ignorance:
- Compatibility can be a deceptive property, equally the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of two encodings (see Problems in dissimilar writing systems).
- People recollect they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatsoever superset of ASCII they really employ as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but even in academic literature, the discussion "ASCII" tin be found used as an instance of something not uniform with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.[1] Note that UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII.
Overspecification [edit]
When in that location are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on dissimilar information, the least sure information may be misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a spider web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set may be communicated to the client in whatever number of three ways:
- in the HTTP header. This data can be based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off disk) or controlled by the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
- in the file, as an HTML meta tag (
http-equivorcharset) or theencodingaspect of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to save the particular file in. - in the file, as a byte order mark. This is the encoding that the author'south editor actually saved it in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening information technology in one encoding and saving it in another), this will be correct. Information technology is, even so, only available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-8 or UTF-16.
Lack of hardware or software support [edit]
Much older hardware is typically designed to support only one character set and the character set typically cannot exist altered. The character tabular array contained within the display firmware volition exist localized to accept characters for the country the device is to exist sold in, and typically the table differs from country to country. As such, these systems volition potentially brandish mojibake when loading text generated on a system from a different country. Likewise, many early operating systems do not back up multiple encoding formats and thus will end up displaying mojibake if made to display non-standard text—early on versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm OS for example, are localized on a per-country basis and will only support encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version will be sold in, and will brandish mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the OS is designed to back up is opened.
Resolutions [edit]
Applications using UTF-8 as a default encoding may achieve a greater degree of interoperability because of its widespread apply and backward compatibility with US-ASCII. UTF-viii too has the ability to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, then that well written software should exist able to avoid mixing UTF-8 upwardly with other encodings.
The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the application within which it occurs and the causes of it. 2 of the nearly mutual applications in which mojibake may occur are spider web browsers and word processors. Modern browsers and word processors often back up a broad array of character encodings. Browsers often let a user to change their rendering engine's encoding setting on the fly, while discussion processors let the user to select the advisable encoding when opening a file. Information technology may take some trial and error for users to detect the right encoding.
The problem gets more complicated when information technology occurs in an awarding that usually does not support a broad range of grapheme encoding, such as in a non-Unicode computer game. In this case, the user must change the operating organisation's encoding settings to match that of the game. All the same, irresolute the system-wide encoding settings can also cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user also has the option to use Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. Fifty-fifty then, changing the operating system encoding settings is not possible on earlier operating systems such equally Windows 98; to resolve this result on earlier operating systems, a user would have to utilise 3rd political party font rendering applications.
Problems in unlike writing systems [edit]
English language [edit]
Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such equally em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), but rarely in character text, since about encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English language alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" volition appear every bit "£" if it was encoded past the sender as UTF-8 but interpreted past the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this tin can lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.
Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which acquired mismatch also for English text. Commodore brand viii-bit computers used PETSCII encoding, specially notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the example of all messages. IBM mainframes apply the EBCDIC encoding which does non match ASCII at all.
Other Western European languages [edit]
The alphabets of the North Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German, French, Portuguese and Spanish are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that go corrupted, making texts but mildly unreadable with mojibake:
- å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
- à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
- æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
- á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
- ä, ö, ü, and ß in German language
- á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
- á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
- à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
- à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
- á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Castilian
- à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
- á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish
- à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
- £ in British English
… and their capital letter counterparts, if applicable.
These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character set (also known as Latin 1 or Western) has been in use. However, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by two competing standards, the backward uniform Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-xv. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise any defoliation of these three character sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is e'er safe to interpret ISO-8859-i equally Windows-1252, and adequately safe to interpret information technology equally ISO-8859-15, in detail with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). All the same, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has go more mutual in sure scenarios, e.grand. exchange of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8'south incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. Just UTF-8 has the ability to be directly recognised by a uncomplicated algorithm, and then that well written software should exist able to avoid mixing UTF-eight up with other encodings, so this was virtually common when many had software not supporting UTF-8. Most of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so bug when buying an operating organization version were less mutual. Windows and MS-DOS are not uniform yet.
In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and information technology is ordinarily obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.g. the 2d letter in "kärlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This way, even though the reader has to guess between å, ä and ö, almost all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other mitt, does feature repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("wedding night") which can sometimes render text very difficult to read (e.g. hääyö appears as "hääyö"). Icelandic and Faroese have ten and viii perhaps misreckoning characters, respectively, which thus can brand information technology more difficult to judge corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become well-nigh entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".
In German, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a common term for this miracle, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).
Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German when umlauts are not bachelor. The latter exercise seems to exist improve tolerated in the German linguistic communication sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may exist used jokingly. Nevertheless, digraphs are useful in advice with other parts of the world. Every bit an example, the Norwegian football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his dorsum when he played for Manchester United.
An artifact of UTF-8 misinterpreted as ISO-8859-ane, "Ring meg nÃ¥" (" Ring meg nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.[five]
| Swedish example: | Smörgås (open sandwich) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Upshot |
| MS-DOS 437 | ISO 8859-1 | Sm"rg†s |
| ISO 8859-1 | Mac Roman | SmˆrgÂs |
| UTF-8 | ISO 8859-i | Smörgås |
| UTF-eight | Mac Roman | Smörgås |
Central and Eastern European [edit]
Users of Fundamental and Eastern European languages tin can as well be affected. Considering most computers were non connected to any network during the mid- to late-1980s, there were dissimilar grapheme encodings for every language with diacritical characters (see ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), often also varying past operating system.
Hungarian [edit]
Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English language characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-1 character set), plus the 2 characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-i. These ii characters can exist correctly encoded in Latin-ii, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Earlier Unicode became common in email clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text often had the messages ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. Information technology is common to answer to an e-mail rendered unreadable (run across examples below) by grapheme mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", meaning "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling car") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.
Examples [edit]
| Source encoding | Target encoding | Upshot | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian case | ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép | Characters in carmine are incorrect and practice not lucifer the top-left instance. | |
| CP 852 | CP 437 | ╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép | This was very mutual in DOS-era when the text was encoded past the Central European CP 852 encoding; however, the operating system, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please note that small-case letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct because CP 852 was fabricated compatible with German. Nowadays occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques. |
| CWI-2 | CP 437 | ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép | The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains adequately well-readable even if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, but nowadays it is completely deprecated. |
| Windows-1250 | Windows-1252 | ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép | The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, just the text is completely readable. This is the most common fault nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs oft on webpages or even in printed media. |
| CP 852 | Windows-1250 | µRVÖZTëRŠ TšK™RFéRŕGrand P rvˇztűr‹ t thou"rfŁr˘g‚p | Central European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct. |
| Windows-1250 | CP 852 | ┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄KÍRF┌RËOne thousand╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇchiliadÚp | Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The apply of ű is correct. |
| Quoted-printable | 7-flake ASCII | =C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCK=D6RF=DAR=D3G=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCone thousand=F6rf=FAr=F3g=E9p | Mainly caused by wrongly configured mail servers but may occur in SMS letters on some cell-phones as well. |
| UTF-viii | Windows-1252 | ÃRVÃZTÅ°RÅ TÃœGrandÖRFÚRÃ"YardÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tükörfúróthousandép | Mainly caused by wrongly configured spider web services or webmail clients, which were non tested for international usage (equally the trouble remains concealed for English texts). In this case the bodily (often generated) content is in UTF-viii; nevertheless, it is not configured in the HTML headers, then the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding. |
Polish [edit]
Prior to the cosmos of ISO 8859-2 in 1987, users of diverse computing platforms used their own character encodings such equally AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and merely reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware lawmaking pages with the needed glyphs for Smoothen—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them.
The state of affairs began to ameliorate when, later pressure from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Internet standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Polish diacritical characters as krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "footling shrubs").
Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]
Mojibake may be colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.[6] The Soviet Union and early on Russian Federation adult KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Information Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-but 7-bit KOI7, based on ASCII merely with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came viii-chip KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic messages merely with high-fleck set octets corresponding to 7-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, fifty-fifty Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the eighth fleck, which was considered equally a major advantage in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and then passed through the loftier bit stripping process, end upwardly rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Somewhen KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belorussian (KOI8-RU) and fifty-fifty Tajik (KOI8-T).
Meanwhile, in the West, Lawmaking page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian as well equally Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.
Near recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the globe's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.
Before Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the aforementioned encoding organization. Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the exact combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of majuscule letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the aforementioned ASCII region, just KOI8 has uppercase letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the World Wide Web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, 1 can still encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, as well as Unicode. (An estimated ane.7% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.[7]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for whatever given web folio in its source,[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.
In Bulgarian, mojibake is oftentimes chosen majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey'southward [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is chosen đubre ( ђубре ), pregnant "trash". Unlike the former USSR, Southward Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there earlier Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially like to (although incompatible with) CP866.
| Russian case: | Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Result |
| MS-DOS 855 | ISO 8859-1 | Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ |
| KOI8-R | ISO 8859-1 | ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ |
| UTF-8 | KOI8-R | п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀ |
Yugoslav languages [edit]
Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian linguistic communication) and Slovene add together to the bones Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital letter counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (but č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in strange names, every bit well). All of these letters are divers in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while simply some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual Bone-default Windows-1252, and are at that place because of some other languages.
Although Mojibake can occur with any of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more prone to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is oft displayed every bit "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.
When confined to basic ASCII (most user names, for case), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word instance). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a class is ordinarily washed manually if required.
The Windows-1252 encoding is important because the English versions of the Windows operating system are nearly widespread, non localized ones.[ citation needed ] The reasons for this include a relatively pocket-size and fragmented market, increasing the cost of loftier quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn caused past high cost of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English language versions of Windows and other software.[ citation needed ]
The bulldoze to differentiate Croation from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other three creates many issues. There are many different localizations, using dissimilar standards and of different quality. There are no mutual translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the end, people utilize adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may non empathize what some option in a carte is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English, every bit well as those who are accepted to English terminology (who are near, because English language terminology is besides mostly taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of not-specialist software.
When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is like to other Cyrillic-based scripts.
Newer versions of English language Windows allow the code page to exist changed (older versions require special English versions with this support), but this setting can exist and often was incorrectly fix. For example, Windows 98 and Windows Me can be gear up to most not-right-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, but only at install fourth dimension.
Caucasian languages [edit]
The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly acute in the example of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used because of a lack of support in the calculator industry. For example, Microsoft Windows does not support it.
Asian encodings [edit]
Some other type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more one (typically two) characters are corrupted at once, due east.g. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed as "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is especially problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two letters are combined, the mojibake too seems more random (over l variants compared to the normal three, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a pattern of item word lengths, such equally the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may exist misinterpreted.
Vietnamese [edit]
In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when computer try to encode diacritic character divers in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-8. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using inexpensive mobile phone.
| Example: | Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du) | |
|---|---|---|
| Original encoding | Target encoding | Result |
| Windows-1258 | UTF-8 | Trăone thousand due northă1000 trong cõi ngÆ°á»i ta |
| TCVN3 | UTF-8 | Tr¨one thousand n¨m trong câi ngêi ta |
| VNI (Windows) | UTF-viii | Traêyard naêchiliad trong coõi ngöôøi ta |
Japanese [edit]
In Japanese, the same miracle is, as mentioned, chosen mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a particular trouble in Japan due to the numerous different encodings that exist for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings similar UTF-8 and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, as well as being encountered past Japanese users, is likewise oftentimes encountered past non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese marketplace.
Chinese [edit]
In Chinese, the same phenomenon is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , meaning 'chaotic code'), and tin can occur when computerised text is encoded in ane Chinese character encoding but is displayed using the incorrect encoding. When this occurs, it is frequently possible to fix the effect past switching the character encoding without loss of data. The state of affairs is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the most common ones beingness: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.
It is like shooting fish in a barrel to place the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:
| Original encoding | Viewed every bit | Result | Original text | Notation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big5 | GB | ?T瓣в变巨肚 | 三國志曹操傳 | Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original meaning. The red character is not a valid codepoint in GB2312. |
| Shift-JIS | GB | 暥帤壔偗僥僗僩 | 文字化けテスト | Kana is displayed every bit characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Well-nigh of them are extremely uncommon and not in practical use in modern Chinese. |
| EUC-KR | GB | 叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨 | 디제이맥스 테크니카 | Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases make no sense. Hands identifiable because of spaces between every several characters. |
An additional problem is acquired when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are still used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'due south "堃" and singer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-China Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'due south "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.[ix]
Newspapers have dealt with this trouble in various ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters; using a film of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare graphic symbol in the hope that the reader would exist able to make the right inference.
Indic text [edit]
A similar effect tin can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of Southern asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, even if the graphic symbol set employed is properly recognized by the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which private letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may non be properly understood by a computer missing the appropriate software, even if the glyphs for the individual letter forms are bachelor.
One example of this is the erstwhile Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the character analogous to "wi" (the get-go syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to comport the Devanagari graphic symbol for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" character followed past an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable every bit mojibake generated past a figurer not configured to brandish Indic text.[10] The logo as redesigned equally of May 2010[ref] has stock-still these errors.
The thought of Plain Text requires the operating system to provide a font to brandish Unicode codes. This font is different from OS to Bone for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) beyond all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the short course for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on top of a plain letter. However, it is wrong to go along top of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited past modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, information technology is apt to put it on top of these letters. By contrast, for like sounds in modern languages which result from their specific rules, information technology is not put on pinnacle, such every bit the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem class of the common word करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.[11] Merely it happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja 50 (dark 50) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield incorrect shapes.[ commendation needed ]
Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were not officially supported past Windows XP until the release of Vista.[12] Even so, various sites take made gratis-to-download fonts.
Burmese [edit]
Due to Western sanctions[xiii] and the late arrival of Burmese language support in computers,[14] [xv] much of the early on Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing ways of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font but was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented every bit specified in Unicode, but others were not.[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this as advert hoc font encodings.[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei merely replaced the Unicode compliant organisation fonts with Zawgyi versions.[14]
Due to these ad hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render as garbled text. To get around this issue, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.[xviii] Myanmar government has designated ane Oct 2019 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode.[13] The full transition is estimated to have two years.[19]
African languages [edit]
In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such equally the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but these are non more often than not supported. Various other writing systems native to Due west Africa present similar problems, such every bit the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Republic of guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.
Arabic [edit]
Another afflicted language is Arabic (see beneath). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings practise not match.
Examples [edit]
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Standard arabic example: |  (Universal Declaration of Man Rights) | |
| Browser rendering: | الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان | |
| UTF-8 | Windows-1252 | الإعلان العالمى Ù„Øقوق الإنسان |
| KOI8-R | О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├ | |
| ISO 8859-5 | яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй� | |
| CP 866 | я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж | |
| ISO 8859-6 | ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع� | |
| ISO 8859-2 | اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ� | |
| Windows-1256 | Windows-1252 | ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä |
The examples in this article practice non accept UTF-8 every bit browser setting, because UTF-eight is easily recognisable, and so if a browser supports UTF-8 it should recognise it automatically, and not try to interpret something else as UTF-8.
Meet also [edit]
- Code point
- Replacement character
- Substitute graphic symbol
- Newline – The conventions for representing the line break differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though most software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or display the difference (e.g. version control systems and data comparing tools) can get substantially more difficult to use if not adhering to one convention.
- Byte guild mark – The most in-band style to store the encoding together with the information – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, just will by design exist perceived every bit "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
- HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, but required for sure characters to escape interpretation as markup.
While failure to apply this transformation is a vulnerability (see cross-site scripting), applying it too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark
"becomes",","and so on. - Bush hid the facts
References [edit]
- ^ a b Rex, Ritchie (2012). "Volition unicode soon be the universal code? [The Information]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (seven): 60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
- ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "curl -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved v October 2018.
- ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
- ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-11-01 .
- ^ "sms-scam". June eighteen, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
- ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Lexicon of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, World Pequot, 2007, ISBN one-59921-039-eight.
- ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
- ^ "Declaring character encodings in HTML".
- ^ "People's republic of china GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-x-01. Conversion map betwixt Code folio 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia'due south Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
- ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
- ^ a b "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar's digital world". The Japan Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
October. 1 is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially will prefer the new arrangement.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, merely Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
- ^ a b Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Borderland Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
With the release of Windows XP service pack 2, complex scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such every bit Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and later Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering problem by adding extra code points that were reserved for Myanmar's ethnic languages. Not merely does the re-mapping prevent future ethnic language support, information technology too results in a typing organization that can be confusing and inefficient, even for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two most pop smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only by capturing the largest market share, which means they support Zawgyi out of the box.
- ^ a b Sin, Thant (7 September 2019). "Unified under 1 font system every bit Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will improve tongue processing
- ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Lawmaking: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 Oct 2013.
- ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Oft Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
"UTF-8" technically does not use to ad hoc font encodings such equally Zawgyi.
- ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook'southward path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Engineering. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
It makes communication on digital platforms difficult, every bit content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In order to improve reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar often post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single post, not to mention English or other languages.
- ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app programmer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
External links [edit]
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake
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